Kennel Cough: Everything You Need to Know About This Disease

What is kennel cough or tracheobronchitis?

Kennel cough is a respiratory infection that primarily affects the trachea and bronchi of dogs. The disease is caused by a combination of viruses and bacteria, the most common being canine parainfluenza virus and the bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica. These pathogens cause inflammation in the respiratory tract, leading to a dry, persistent cough, the main characteristic of this disease. Good prevention includes keeping their defenses strong and dressing them in dog clothes when it's cold.

Tracheobronchitis is easily transmitted in places where dogs are in close contact with each other, such as kennels, hence its common name. Although the name "kennel cough" suggests it only occurs in these places, any dog can contract it if they come into contact with another infected animal.

What causes kennel cough?

Bacterial infection

The bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica is one of the main causes of kennel cough. This bacterium infects the dog's respiratory tract, causing inflammation in the trachea and bronchi.

Viral infection

Viruses such as canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus type 2, and canine distemper virus can also be responsible for kennel cough. These viruses weaken the dog's immune system, facilitating infection by Bordetella or other bacteria.

Environmental conditions

Dogs in places with high canine density, such as kennels, shelters, dog daycares, or dog shows, have a higher risk of contracting the disease due to the easy spread of pathogens in these environments.

Stress and immunological factors

Stress, such as that caused by changes in environment or travel, can weaken a dog's immune system, making them more susceptible to kennel cough. Additionally, dogs with compromised immune systems, whether due to age or pre-existing conditions, also have a higher risk.

How is kennel cough spread?

The spread of kennel cough is similar to that of a common cold in humans. Dogs can contract the disease by inhaling aerosol droplets contaminated by the coughs or sneezes of an infected dog. It is also possible for them to get it through direct contact with contaminated surfaces, such as toys, water bowls, or the hands of a person who has touched a sick dog.

Places with high dog density, such as kennels, shelters, veterinary clinics, dog parks, and even dog shows, are environments where the risk of contagion is highest. Although any dog can contract tracheobronchitis, puppies, older dogs, or those with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to developing severe symptoms.

Can kennel cough be transmitted to humans?

A common question among dog owners is whether kennel cough can be transmitted to humans. Although the bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica can, in extremely rare cases, infect people with very weakened immune systems, the disease is not considered a significant threat to human health. For the vast majority of people, especially those with healthy immune systems, the risk of contracting kennel cough from a dog is practically zero.

It is important to mention that, although the risk to humans is low, it is always advisable to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands after interacting with sick dogs and avoiding close contact if one has a compromised immune system.

Symptoms of kennel cough

The symptoms of kennel cough can vary in severity, but the most obvious sign is a dry, harsh cough, often described as a "honking sound." This symptom can be more prominent after exercise, excitement, or pressure on the trachea, such as when pulling on the collar. In addition to coughing, there are other symptoms that indicate the presence of tracheobronchitis:

Dry cough

A dry cough is the most characteristic and concerning symptom of kennel cough. This cough is caused by irritation and inflammation of the trachea and bronchi. In many cases, the cough can be so intense that it seems as if the dog is trying to expel something. It is common for us to confuse it with a foreign object lodged in the dog's throat.

Rapid breathing

In some cases, kennel cough can lead to respiratory difficulties, such as rapid or shallow breathing. This occurs due to inflammation of the airways that reduces the efficiency of air exchange. If you notice your dog breathing faster than normal or having difficulty catching their breath after coughing, it is crucial to take them to the veterinarian for an evaluation.

Loss of appetite and lethargy

Loss of appetite and lethargy are symptoms that can accompany tracheobronchitis in dogs, especially if the infection becomes more severe or if there are secondary complications, such as a bacterial infection. A dog that is normally very playful and active may become very tired and not want to do anything. It is also common for them not to want to eat because they feel unwell and their constant coughing makes them lose their appetite.

Nasal and ocular discharge

In addition to coughing, some dogs may develop nasal and ocular discharge as part of kennel cough. This discharge can be clear or, in more severe cases, purulent, indicating the presence of a secondary bacterial infection. The accumulation of mucus can cause additional discomfort to the dog, and in these cases, it is essential to seek veterinary attention.

Mild fever

Although not a constant symptom, some dogs may develop a mild fever in response to the infection, indicating that the immune system is working to fight the pathogens causing the disease. Fever in dogs is an increase in body temperature above the normal range, which is usually between 38.3°C and 39.2°C (100.9°F and 102.6°F). If a dog with kennel cough develops fever, it is crucial to keep them hydrated and comfortable. Human fever-reducing medications should not be administered, as many of them are toxic to dogs. If the fever persists or is too high, it could indicate a severe complication that requires immediate veterinary attention.

Does kennel cough go away on its own?

A common question among dog owners is whether kennel cough goes away on its own. In many cases, dogs can recover from tracheobronchitis without the need for medical treatment, especially if the infection is mild and the dog's immune system is in good condition. The disease can last between one and three weeks, and most dogs show gradual improvement during this time.

However, not all cases are so simple. In dogs with compromised immune systems, puppies, or older dogs, the disease can persist and lead to more serious complications, such as pneumonia. For this reason, it is essential that a veterinarian evaluate any dog showing symptoms of kennel cough to determine if treatment is necessary.

Treatment for kennel cough

The treatment for kennel cough depends on the severity of the symptoms and the dog's general condition. In many cases, treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and allowing the dog's body to fight the infection. Let's look at some common treatment options.

Anti-inflammatories

Anti-inflammatories are prescribed to reduce inflammation in the respiratory tract and relieve persistent coughing, while also helping to reduce discomfort and allow the dog to breathe more easily. However, it is important that any medication be administered under the supervision of a veterinarian, as some anti-inflammatories can have side effects in dogs.

Antibiotics

If a secondary bacterial infection is present, such as that caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica, the veterinarian may prescribe antibiotics. These medications help fight the bacteria and reduce the duration and severity of the disease. Although antibiotics are not effective against the viruses that cause tracheobronchitis, they are essential in preventing bacterial complications.

Vaccine

Prevention is key when it comes to kennel cough. There are vaccines that can protect dogs against the main pathogens that cause this disease, such as the parainfluenza virus and the bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica. Although the vaccine does not guarantee total protection, it significantly reduces the severity of the disease if the dog does contract it. It is advisable to vaccinate dogs that frequent places with a high density of other canines.

Warmth and protection

It's important that your dog doesn't get cold when going outside, so we recommend protecting them outdoors with some dog clothes, and at home, if they are usually sensitive to cold, don't forget to put a blanket or a dog sleeping bag in their bed, where they can snuggle in and stay well protected and warm during their recovery period. 

Is kennel cough fatal for dogs?

One of the biggest concerns for owners is whether kennel cough is fatal for their pets. In most cases, tracheobronchitis is not fatal, and dogs recover completely with time and proper treatment. However, in severe cases, especially in young, elderly, or immunocompromised dogs, the disease can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia, which can be potentially fatal if not treated promptly.

This post provides a comprehensive understanding of kennel cough, from what kennel cough is, how it spreads, its symptoms, treatment, and the potential risk it poses to dogs' lives. While it can be a concerning disease, with proper attention and care, your dog has an excellent chance of full recovery.